1. Read the title and look at the pictures. What do you think the text is about? Listen/Watch an read to check?

(Đọc tiêu đề và nhìn vào các bức ảnh. Bản nghĩ bài đọc nói về điều gì? Nghe/Xem và đọc để kiểm tra.)

2. Read the text. Complete the summary with NO MORE TWO WORDS for each answer.

(Đọc bài khoá. Hoàn thành bài tóm tắt với KHÔNG QUÁ HAI TỪ cho mỗi câu trả lời.)

THE URBAN SHIFT

Global urbanisation has increased significantly in recent decades, and one of the main drivers of this growth has been rural migration. More and more people are moving to the city from the countryside each year. Half of the world's population already resides in cities, and by 2050, experts predict that number to reach as high as two-thirds. Many factors contribute to this global phenomenon, which then gives rise to various issues.

There are many push factors which force people away from rural life. For example, rural residents have fewer employment options because there aren't many large companies nearby. What's more, rural jobs are mainly related to agriculture, so crop failure due to natural disasters can make it difficult to earn a good living. By contrast, there are pull factors that attract people to urban life. Urban areas have more industries, so people can easily get good jobs and achieve a higher standard of living. Cities also offer entertainment alternatives, such as theme parks and sporting and musical events, allowing urban citizens to access leisure activities easily.

In the process of urbanisation, rural migration causes various far-reaching impacts on the environment and urban citizens. First, deforestation occurs when city governments have forests cut down to build accommodation for new residents, which harms the environment and reduces air quality. As growing populations result in more deforestation and pollution, the air quality worsens, which can lead to health issues for residents. Second, due to population expansion, cities are struggling to offer adequate public facilities for urban people. As a result, some low-income people are unable to obtain the necessary affordable housing and end up living in slums, where the quality of life is very poor.

As a complicated process, the causes and the effects of rural migration should be fully comprehended. By carefully planning city development and suitable social policies, we can provide urban citizens with good public services, exciting job opportunities and a high quality of life without harming the environment.

Rural migration has been a major driver of 1) _____. This phenomenon is influenced by a variety of causes. Rural dwellers have fewer employment options while urban locations have more 2) _____, making it easier to find good jobs and raise one's standard of living. Cities also provide entertainment options, giving when citizens easy access to 3) _____. However, rural migration brings a variety of problems. It causes 4) _____ and air pollution, which can be harmful to the environment and urban people's health. Furthermore, due to a lack of 5) _____, some people are forced to live in slums. Overall, there are benefits and drawbacks of urbanisation, but we must carefully manage city growth and adopt suitable social policies for urban areas.

3. Read the text again and answer the questions.

(Đọc bài khoá một lần nữa và trả lời các câu hỏi sau.)

1. How many people live in cities today?

(Có bao nhiêu người sống ở thành phố hiện nay?)

2. What are the challenges of agricultural work in rural areas?

(Những thách thức của những việc đồng áng ở nông thôn là gì?)

3. What happens to people who cannot afford proper urban housing?

(Điều gì xảy ra với những người không thể chi trả cho nhà ở hợp lí ở đô thị?)

4. What should modern cities do to improve the lives of people?

(Những thành phố hiện đại cần làm gì để cải thiện đời sống của mọi người?)

4. What are the push factors and pull factors that make people in your country/town move to urban areas?

(Các yếu tố thúc đẩy và nhân tố hấp dẫn khiến người dân ở quốc gia/thị trấn di chuyển đến các khu đô thị?)

5. Fill in each gap with failure, goods, recreational, infrastructure, industries or wages. Then listen and check.

(Điền vào các chỗ trống với failure, goods, recreational, infrastructure, industries or wages. Sau đó nghe và kiểm tra.)

Push factors: things that force people to leave rural areas

A. lack of _____ and jobs due to natural disasters

B. poor _____ and public services  

C crop _____ due to natural disasters

D. rural poverty and unemployment

Push factors: things that attract people to big cities

E. easy access to _____ and services

F. more jobs and higher _____

G. better housing and sanitation

H. endless options for _____ activities

6. Read the statements (1-8). Which of the push/pull factors (A-H) in Exercise 5 does each statement match?

(Đọc các phát biểu (1-8). Những yếu tố thúc đẩy và hấp dẫn nào (A-H) trong bài 5 đi với mỗi phát biểu.)

1. ___ "I prefer to live in a place with good shopping facilities where I can get the products I want."

2. ___ "My career options and earning potential are considerably better here."

3. ___ "Farming alone does not provide me with sufficient income to support my family."

4. ___ "There are many fun and interesting pursuits that I can enjoy in my spare time here."

5. ___ "There are limited healthcare facilities and poor transport connections in my area."

6. ___ "My accommodation is of high quality, and my neighbourhood is safe and clean."

7. ___ "There are no companies and very few career opportunities available to me here."

8. ___ "Extreme weather conditions can dramatically reduce my annual farming income."

7. Replace the adjectives in bold with their opposites from the list.

• lively • fresh • breathtaking • well-mannered • heavy • stressful • peaceful • spacious

1. Urban centres are _____ (quiet) places with lots of things to see and do, but they can also be quite _____ (relaxing) since they're so busy.

2. When we asked for directions to the city museum, the taxi driver was very _____ (rude).

3. Rural areas are often more _____ (crowded) than cities because there are fewer buildings.

4. Rural areas often have _____ (ordinary) views of mountains and lakes, and are usually more _____ (noisy) than cities.

5. One of the main benefits of living in the countryside is the _____ (polluted) air.

6. It could be time-consuming to travel city if there is in a busy _____ (light) traffic.

8. Use the adjectives in Exercise 7 to describe the places in the two photos. Tell your partner.

(Dùng các tính từ trong bài tập 7 để mô tả những địa điểm hai bức ảnh. Nói với bạn cùng bàn của bạn.)

9. Would you prefer to live in a rural area or an urban area? Tell your partner.

(Bạn thích sống ở nông thôn hay thành thị hơn? Hãy nói với bạn cùng bàn của bạn.)

 Do you agree with the following statements? Why/Why not?

(Bạn có đồng ý với những phát biểu sau không? Tại sao/ Tại sao không?)

Rural migration ...

(Sự di cư về thành phố …)

1. helps people achieve a better quality of life.

(giúp người ta đạt được chất lượng cuộc sống tốt hơn.)

2. makes people lose their cultural identity.

(khiến mọi người mất đi bản sắc văn hoá của họ.)

3. gives people a chance to experience cultural diversity.

(cho mọi người cơ hội khám phá sự đa dạng văn hoá.)