1. Study these sentences from the text. Then choose the correct options to complete the rules.

(Nghiên cứu những câu này từ văn bản. Sau đó chọn các phương án đúng để hoàn thành các quy tắc.)

1. Had bicycles been an important means for many years before the advent of motorised vehicles?

(Xe đạp có phải là phương tiện quan trọng trong nhiều năm trước khi phương tiện cơ giới ra đời không?)

2. They had played an essential role in Vietnamese daily life by the mid-20^th century.

(Chúng đã đóng một vai trò thiết yếu trong đời sống hàng ngày của người Việt vào giữa thế kỷ 20.)

3. The motor vehicles on the roads had not increased dramatically until the 1990s.

(Xe cơ giới trên đường không tăng đột biến cho đến những năm 1990.)

RULES (Nguyên tắc)

1. The past perfect describes a past action or event that took place before / after another past action or event.

2. We form the past perfect with was / had + a past participle.

3. We use not or never to make affirmative / negative sentences.

4. The question form is auxiliary verb + subject + infinitive / past participle.

2. Choose the correct options.

(Chọn những lựa chọn đúng.)

1. After Tom read / had read the email, he turned off / had turned off his computer.

2. Did Jane learn / Had Jane learnt to read and write before she started / had started school?

3. We didn’t have / hadn’t had a foreign holiday until last summer.

4. We were / had been tired because we played / had played football all afternoon.

5. I visited / had visited five cities in southern Việt Nam by 2001.

3. Complete the sentences with the past perfect form of the verbs in brackets.

(Hoàn thành câu với dạng quá khứ hoàn thành của động từ trong ngoặc.)

1. They _____ (never / play) football until last week.

2. _____ (you / buy) a ticket before you arrived at the station?

3. I was sad because she _____ (forget) my birthday.

4. _____ (he / leave) the house when you called?

5. The children _____ (not / do) their homework, so they were in trouble.

 USE IT! (SỬ DỤNG NÓ!)

4. Work in pairs. Take turns to say what you think had happened before each situation.

(Làm việc theo cặp. Lần lượt nói điều bạn nghĩ đã xảy ra trước mỗi tình huống.)

1. Peter apologised to his brother.

(Peter đã xin lỗi anh trai mình.)

Perhaps they had had an argument.

(Có lẽ họ đã cãi nhau.)

2. Anna didn’t go to the cinema with her friends.

(Anna không đi xem phim với bạn bè.)

3. When Sally met her father at the station, she didn’t recognise him.

(Khi Sally gặp bố ở nhà ga, cô ấy không nhận ra ông.)

4. George was late for school on Tuesday.

(George đi học muộn vào thứ Ba.)

5. Ben and Helen were very excited.

(Ben và Helen rất phấn khích.)

 Finished? (Kết thúc)

Imagine you were late for school because you had gone on foot instead of by bicycle. Write sentences about what happened to you using the past perfect.

(Hãy tưởng tượng bạn đi học muộn vì bạn đã đi bộ thay vì đi xe đạp. Viết câu về những gì đã xảy ra với bạn bằng cách sử dụng thì quá khứ hoàn thành.)