1 SPEAKING Work in pairs. In what ways do you think these things were different in the past?

(Làm việc theo cặp. Bạn nghĩ những điều này khác biệt như thế nào trong quá khứ?)

diseases

hospitals

hygiene

2 Read the text. Does it mention your ideas from exercise 1?

(Đọc văn bản. Nó có đề cập đến ý tưởng của bạn từ bài tập 1 không?)

A history of hygiene

Ancient ideas of hygiene

The ancient Greeks and Egyptians enjoyed relatively high standards of personal hygiene - they had been taught about the importance of cleanliness by their religious leaders. But it was the Romans who developed the first public toilets and enormous public baths.

19th century developments

Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister's revolutionary ideas about using sterile instruments in clean hospitals were adopted in the 19th century. Before then, up to half of Lister's patients who had survived surgery were being killed by infections spread by germs. Infection and disease haven't been eliminated entirely in our hospitals yet, but they have been significantly reduced.

Today and tomorrow

Although hygiene in developing countries is being improved all the time, 36% of the world's population is still affected by poor hygiene. Furthermore, medical organisations will be challenged in the future by new infections and diseases; the world's population is so closely connected that potentially catastrophic epidemics will be transmitted around the globe in days.

3 Find passive examples of tenses (a-g) in the text.

(Tìm ví dụ bị động về các thì (a-g) trong văn bản.)

a present simple

b present perfect

c past continuous

d will future

e present continuous

f past simple

g past perfect

4 Read the Learn this! box. Complete the rules.

(Đọc phần Learn this! Hoàn thành các quy tắc.)

LEARN THIS! The passive

1 We form the passive with the verb ¹ ____ and the ² ____ of the main verb. The object of an active verb can become the ³ ____ of a passive verb.

They haven't found a cure for colds yet. (a cure = object)

→ A cure for colds hasn't been found yet. (a cure = subject)

2 If we need to mention the agent, we use ⁴ ____

Enormous public baths were built by the Romans.

3 We use the passive:

a when we do not know (or do not want or need to say) who does something.

b for more formal language, e.g. for processes.

First, the coffee beans are dried. Then they are roasted

c when we want to focus on the person to whom the action is done, not the person doing the action.

4 We use the ⁵ ____ and past continuous forms of the passive, but we do not use other continuous forms.

Hygiene is being improved.✔

→ Hygiene has been being improved. X

→ They have been improving hygiene.✓

5 Rewrite the sentences (1-5) in the passive. Match them with rules (2-4) in the Learn this! box. The sentences may match with more than one rule.

(Viết lại câu (1-5) ở thể bị động. Hãy ghép chúng với các quy tắc (2-4) trong phần Learn this! Các câu có thể phù hợp với nhiều hơn một quy tắc.)

1 A doctor has examined me and told me to rest at home.

2 It was in the 19th century that they invented anaesthetics.

3 Scientists are making more advances in medicine every year.

4 They'll stitch the wound now and remove the stitches next week.

5 Kazimierz Funk, a Polish scientist, discovered the fact that vitamins could cure many diseases.

6 Read the text below. Then rewrite the underlined sentences (1-8) in the passive. Decide whether you need to include the agent.

(Đọc văn bản dưới đây. Sau đó viết lại các câu được gạch chân (1-8) ở thể bị động. Quyết định xem bạn có cần thêm tác nhân hay không.)

It was called 'The Great Mortality, but today ¹ we know it as the Black Death. In 1348, ² rats brought the plague from Asia - to Europe. ³ The disease killed millions of people. The cities were overcrowded with frightened people and ⁴ coughs and sneezes quickly infected them. Similarly, in 2019, ⁵ COVID-19 attacked different areas of the world. ⁶ The virus corona infected millions of people. ⁷ Authorities had to lock down many cities to stop the infection. This virus is still popular but ⁸ vaccines can save patients from danger.

7 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Talk about these things.

(Làm việc theo cặp. Nói về những điều này.)

1 The funniest joke you've been told

(Câu chuyện cười hài hước nhất mà bạn từng được kể)

2 A job you'd like to be offered

(Một công việc bạn muốn được mời)